Second Year B. Pharm [ Syllabus, Saurashtra University, Rajkot ]
SR.
NO.
SUBJECT
MARKS*
Theory
Practical
1
Pharmaceutical
Microbiology
100
100
2
Pharmaceutical
Dispensing, Community & Hospital Pharmacy
100
100
3
Medicinal
Chemistry I
100
100
4
Pharmaceutical
Biochemistry
100
100
5
Pharmacognosy
100
100
6
Pharmacology
II
100
100
* Marks
includes sessional marks, 20% in each theory and practical)
3.1
Pharmaceutical Microbiology
1.
Introduction to the science of microbiology Ancient theories concerning the origin of life contribution of great scientists to this science.
2.
Study of structure of bacterial cells,
3.
Microscopy:
Microscopes, their magnification, resolution, illumination and filters, working of different types of microscopes, micrometry, Electron Microscopy.
4.
Identification of microbes, stains and types of staining techniques.
Systematic studies of few selected organism.
5.
Classification of microbes and their taxonomy : actionomycetes , bacterial, protozoa, fungi, ricketssia, spirochetes and viruses.
6.
Nutrition, cultivation isolation and identification of bacteria, actionomycetes, fungi , viruses, etc.
7.
Microbial genetics and variation.
8.
Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Genetic recombination: Transformations, Conjugation, Protoplast fusion and gene cloning and their applications. Development of hybridoma for monoclonal antibodies.
9.
Bacterial enzymes.
10.
Control of microbes by physical and chemical methods of sterilization.
11.
Disinfections, factors influencing disinfections, dynamics of disinfections, disinfectants and antiseptics and their evaluation.
12.
Sterilization, different methods, validation of sterilization methods and equipments.
13.
Sterility testing of all Pharmaceutical Products.
14.
Microorganisms in human diseases. Microbial attack and host defense: virulence and Pathogen city, Primary and specific defensive mechanisms of body , infection and its transmission, interferon's.
15.
Microbial standardization of antibiotics Vitamins, Amino acids etc.
16.
Environmental Microbiology Aquatic Microbiology, Microbiology of domestic and waste water, Microbiology of food.
3.1
Pharmaceutical Microbiology Practical
1.
Experiments devised to prepare various types of culture media
2.
Sub culturing of common aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, fungus, and yeast,
3.
Various staining methods, various methods of isolation and identification of microbes,
4.
Sterilizing techniques and their validation,
5.
Evaluation of antiseptics and disinfectants,
6.
Testing the sterility of pharmaceutical products as per IP requirements,
7.
Microbial assay of antibiotics and Vitamins etc. and
8.
Demonstration of laboratory fermentor and
9.
Others to illustrate the topics included in theory.
List of books recommended
1.
Daan J. A. Crommedin Robert & Sindilar Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 2/e
2.
Russell-Principles and Practice of Disinfections, Preservation and Sterilization 3/e, 1999
3.
Brooks-Medical Microbiology 22e. 2001
4.
W. Thompson, Bioassay techniques for Drug Developments
5.
Hughes and Anderson 's, Antibiotics Development and Resistance
6.
Stephen Denyer Rosemund Baird:
Guide to Microbiological Control In Pharmaceutical and Medical Devices.
7.
Pharmaceutical Microbiology Sixth Edition
Edited by W. B. Hugo and A. D. Rusell, Backwell Science.
8.
Principles of Microbiology
Ronald. M. Atlas, Second Edition. Wm. C. Brown Publishers
9.
Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology
Williams and Wilkins-A Waverly Company
3.2
DISPENSING, COMMUNITY PHARMACY AND HOSPITAL PHARMACY
1.
Definition and scope.
2.
The prescription : Handling of prescription, source of errors in prescription, care required in dispensing procedures including labeling at dispensed products.
3.
Dispensing techniques : Compounding and dispensing procedures, packaging, storage and stability of medicines, labeling of dispensed product.
4.
Pharmaceutical calculations : Posology : Calculation of doses for infants, adults and elderly patients, enlarging and reducing recipes, percentage solutions, allegation, alcohol dilution, proof spirit, isotonic solutions, displacement value etc.
5.
Principles involved and procedures adopted in dispension of Mixtures, solutions, emulsions, external preparations, suppositories & pessaries, powders and granules, oral unit dosage forms, inhalations.
6.
Incompatibilities : Physical, chemical and therapeutic incompatibilities observed in prescriptions of above products :
a.
Identification and correction of incompatibilities.
b.
Inorganic incompatibilities including incompatibility of metals and their salts, non metals, acids, alkalis.
Organisation and structure of retail and wholesale drug-store, types of drug store and design, legal requirements for establishment, maintenance of drug store, dispensing of proprietary products, maintanence of records of retail and wholesale.
b.
Patient counselling.
c.
Role and contribution of pharmacist in community health care and education.
8.
Hospital Pharmacy :
a.
Organisation and structure : Organisation of hospital and hospital pharmacy, responsibility of hospital pharmacist, pharmacy and therapeutic committee, budget preparations and implementation.
b.
Hospital formulary : contents, preparation and revision of hospital formulary.
c.
Drug store management and inventory control.
-
Organistation of drug store, types of material stocked, storage conditions.
-
Purchase and inventory control – principles purchase procedures – purchase orders – procurement and stocking.
d.
Drug distribution system in hospitals.
-
Outpatient dispensing – methods adopted.
-
Inpatient dispensing – methods adopted
-
Ambulatory patient dispensing – methods adopted.
-
Dispensing of controlled drugs.
e.
Central sterile supply unit and their management. Types of materials for sterilization, packing of materials prefer to sterilization, sterilization equipments, supply of sterile materials.
f.
Manufacture of sterile and non sterile products. Policy making of manufacturable items, demand and costing, personnel requirements, manufacturing practice, master formula card, production control, manufacturing records.
g.
Drug information services : Sources of information on drugs, disease treatment schedules, procurement of information, computerized services, retrieval of information, medication error.
h.
Records and reports : Prescription filling, drug profile, patient medication profile, cases on drug interaction and adverse reactions, idiosyncratic cases etc.
PRACTICALS
1.
Dispensing of prescription falling under the categories : Mixtures, solutions, emulsions, external preparations, powders, suppositories, oral unit dosage forms, inhalations.
2.
Dispensing procedures involving pharmaceuticals calculations, pricing of prescriptions and dosage calculations for paediatric and geriatric patients.
3.
Dispensing of prescriptions involving adjustment of tonicity.
4.
Identification of various types of incompatibilities in prescription, correction and dispensing.
5.
Categorisation and storage of pharmaceutical products based on legal requirements of labelling and storage.
6.
Experiments based on sterilization of various types of materials used in hospitals.
7.
Practicals designed on the use of computer ind rug information centre, prescription filling, documentation of information on drug interaction.
8.
Project report on visit of the near by community for counseling on the rational use of drugs and aspects of health care.
Books Recomanded:
1.
"Dispensing for Pharmaceutical students" by Cooper and Gunn By S.J. carter, 12Th Edn. CBS Publishers.
2.
"Pharmceutical Dosage form and Drug delivery system" by Howard C. Ansel By Lippincot Williams & Wilkins.
3.
"Pharmaceutical Calculations " by Mitchell J. Stoklosa and Howard C. Ansel By B.I. Waverly Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
4.
"Pharmaceutical Practice' Edited by A.J. Winfield& R.M.E. Richards.
5.
"Hospital Pharmacy" by William E Hassan, Henry Kimpton Publisher, London.
6.
"Hospital Organisation and Management by Kurt Dan 7 Jonathan S. Ratich, 4 th Edn. CBS Publishers.
7.
"Remington: The science and Practice of Pharmacy" Latest Edn., By Mack Publishing companhy.
8.
" Drug and Cosmetic Act. And Ruless" by Vijay Malik.
9.
" Pharmaceutical Practice" By Diana M. Collett and Michale E. Aulton ELBS Publishers.
10.
"Dispensing Pharmacy(Pharmaceutics-II)" By Dr. G.K. Jani, B.S. Shah Publication.
11.
“Hospital and Clinical Pharmacy” By Dr. R.K. Goyal and R.K. Pari, B.S. Shah Prakashan, Ahmedabad
3.3 MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY – I
THEORY
4 LECTURES / WEEK
1.
HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUND
Chemistry , preparations and properties of some important heterocyclic containing Five and six atoms with one or more hetero atoms like O, N, and S (Mono and bicyclic compounds).
2.
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY
Physico – chemical aspects of drug molecules in relation to biological action.Drug receptor interaction including transduction .
3.
Synthetic procedure of selected drug, mode of action (mechanism of action), uses structure activity relationship including physico chemical properties of following classes of drug.
a.
Drugs acting on autonomic nervous system
1)
Cholinergic and antycholinesterases
2)
Adrenergic drugs
3)
Antispasmodic and antiulcer drugs
4)
Neuromuscular blocking agents
b.
Autocoids
1)
Antihistaminics
2)
Eicosanoids
3)
Analgesic , antipyretics, anti inflammatory (non steroidal) agents
c.
Drugs acting on central nervous system
1)
General anaesthetics
2)
Local anaesthetics
3)
Hypnotics and sedatives
4)
Opioid analgesics
5)
Anticonvulsants
6)
Anti-tussive
7)
Antipsychotics, anxiolytics, anti depressants
8)
Anti parkinsonism drugs
9)
CNS stimulants
d.
Diagnostic agents
e.
Pharmaceutical aids
PRACTICAL
3HOURS / WEEK
1.
Synthesis of selected drug from the course content.
2.
spectral anlysis of the drug synthesized.
3.
Workshop on stereo model use of some selected drugs.
4.
Establishing the pharmacopoeial standards of the drugs synthesized
5.
Organic spotting of binary mixtures with derivative preparations and TLC
Books Recomanded:
1.
Wilson and Gisvold`s Text Book of Organic Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry. Edited by J.N. Delgado and William A. Remers , J.B. Lippincott Company Philadelphia .
2.
Principles of Medicinal Chemistry by W.C. Foye, Lea and Febiger Philadelphia.
3.
Bergers Medicinal Chemistry – H.E. Wolf , Jhon Wiley and Sons New York Oxford Univwrsity Press, Oxford .
4.
The Organic Chemistry of Drug Synthesis Volume 1-6 by Deniel Lednocer , John Wiley and sons, Inc. New York .
5.
Pharmaceutical Substances Synthesis (two parts) ,patents, applications by A. Kleemann, J.Engel by Thieme Stuttgart New York .
6.
Organic Chemistry volume 1 & 2 by I.L. Finar publishers ELBS/Longman london .
7.
Principles of Medicinal Chemistry by Dr. S. S. Kadam, K.G. Bothara , Nirali Prakashan Pune .
8.
Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry by Harkishan Singh, V.K.Kapoor by Vallabh Prakashan New Delhi .
9.
Fundamentals of Drug Metabolism and Disposition by H.N. Ladu, H. G. Mandal and E.L. Way Williams and Wi;kins Co. Baltimore.
10.
Vogale`s Text Book of Practical Organic Chemistry , ELBS / Longman , London.
11.
Practical Organic Chemistry BY Mann and Saunder. Orient Longman , UK .
12.
The Systematic Identification of Organic Compounds byshriner, Hermann,Morrill, Curtin & Fuson, John Wiley and sons , USA.
13.
An Introduction To The Chemistry Of heterocyclic Compounds by R.M. Acheson Wiley Eastern Ltd. New Delhi.
14.
Spectrometric identification Of Organic Compounds by R. M. Silverstein, G. Claytorn Bassel`s. T.C. Mivvill. John wiley & sons USA .
15.
Organic spectropscopy by William Kemp .ELBS, London .
3.4
PHARMACEUTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY
1.
Introduction: History, Scope and biochemistry with reference to general microbial and human metabolism.
2.
Biochemical morphology of cell
3.
Physicochemical phenomena and transport through membrane.
4.
Carbohydrate constitutents of cell and carbohydrate metabolism
5.
Biological oxidation, energy production and utilisation
6.
Amino Acids, Peptides and proteins, metabolism, protein structure and biological functions.
7.
Enzymes
8.
Coenzymes and vitamines
9.
Purines and purine metabolism, genes and genetic control of protein synthesis, gene mutations.
10.
Fats and steriods and their metabolism
11.
Hormones and metabolic conntrol
12.
Mineral metabolism
13.
Nutrition, caloric value and essential food components.
14.
Abnormal metabolism and genetic deffects
15.
Organic spectropscopy by William Kemp .ELBS, London .
16.
Metabolism of foreign organic matter
17.
Biochemistry of specialized tissues blood, urine and other body fluids.
3.4
Pharmaceutical Biochemistry Practicals
1.
Experiments devised for identifying and estimating components of different food materials.
2.
Experiments devised for identifying and estimating normal and abnormal parameters in serum and urine.
* Estimation of glucose in serum and urine
3.
Estimation of sucrose in serum
4.
Estimation of free and titrable acidity in urine
5.
Estimation of chloride in serum and urine
6.
Estimation of magnesium in serum and urine
7.
Estimation of in serum and urine
8.
Estimation of suproxide dismutase in serum
9.
Estimation of catalase in serum
10.
Estimation of glutathione in serum
11.
Estimation of creatinine in serum and urine
12.
Estimation of cholesterol in serum
13.
Estimation of triglycerides in serum
14.
Estimation of urea in serum and urine
15.
Analysis of bread
16.
Analysis of milk
17.
Analysis of egg
18.
Analysis of normal urine
19.
Analysis of abnormal urine
Books Recomanded:
1.
Fundamentals of Biochemistry by A. C. Deb
2.
Text Book of Biochemistry by A. V. S. S. Ramarao
3.
Principles of Biochemistry by A. L. Lehninger
4.
Molecular Biology of the Cell by Albert and Bray
5.
Biochemistry by Lubert Stryer
6.
Biochemistry of Functional Approach by McGilvery
7.
Instant Notes Biochemistry by B. D. Hames and N. M. Hooper
3.5
PHARMACOGNOSY
THEORY
1.
Systemic study of screening, source, cultivation, collection, processing, commercial verities, chemical constituents, substitutes, adulterants, uses, diagnostic, microscopic and microscopic features and specific chemical tests of following alkaloids containing drugs:
Pyridine:
Piperidine: Tobaco, Arcca and Lobelia
Tropane:
Belladona, Hyoscyamus, Datura, Duboisia, Cocca and Withania.
Quinoline and isoquinoline:
Cinchona, Ipecac, Opium, Campotheca.
Indole:
Ergot, Rauwolfia, Catharanthus, Nux Vomica and Physostigmine
Imidazole:
Pilocarpus
Steroidal:
Veratrum and Kurchi
Alkaloidal Amine:
Ephedra and Colchicum
Glycoalkaloid:
Solanum
Purines:
Cofee, Tea and Cola
Quinazoline:
Vasaka
2.
Role of medicinal and aromatic plants in national economy
3.
Biological sources, preparation, identification tests and uses of following enzymes: Diastase, papain, pepsin trypsin, pancreatin
4.
General techniques of biosynthetic studies and basic metabolic pathways, brief introduction to biogenesis of secondary metabolites of pharmaceutical importance.
5.
Plant bitters and sweeteners
6.
Chemical and spectral approaches to simple molecules of natural origins.
7.
Concept of stereoisomerisms taking examples of natural products.
8.
Chemistry, Biogenesis and pharmacological activity of medicinally importance
Carotenoids:Beta carotenoids, alpha-caratenes, vitamin-A, xanthophylls of medicinal importance.
10.
Glycosides: Chemistry isolation, estimation and biosynthesis of digitoxin, digoxin, heegenin, sennosides, diognesis and sarasapogenin.
11.
Alkaloids: Chemistry, isolation, estimation biogenesis and pharmacological activity of atropine and related compounds: quinine, reserpine, morphine, papaverine, ephedrine, ergot and vinca alkaloids.
12.
Chemistry, isolation, estimation and biogenesis of medicinally important lignans-podophyllotoxin, quassinoids, flavonoids-queretin, rutin.
13.
Chemistry and therapeutic activity of penicillin, streptomycin and tetracycline
14.
Abnormal metabolism and genetic deffects
PRACTICAL
1.
Identification of crud drugs listed above
2.
Microscopic study of characters of 9 selected drugs given in the theory in entire and powdered form.
3.
Chemical evaluation of powdered drugs and enzymes
4.
laboratory experiments on isolation, separation, purification of various groups of chemical constituents of pharmaceutical significance.
Books Recomanded:
1.
Finar I. L. Organic Chemistry Volume-2, Stereochemistry and the Chemistry of Natural Products, 5th Edition-1996 ELBS Publication.
2.
Dani V. R. Organic Spectroscopy, 1st edition-1995. Tata Mcgraw Hill Publishing Company, New Delhi
3.
Morrison, R. T. and Boyd R. N. Organic Chemistry, 6th Edition-1996, Prentice Hall of India Private Ltd. New Delhi
4.
Chatwal G. Organic Chemistry ofNatural Products, Vol-I and II, 7th Reprint 1998, Himalaya Publishing House, Mumbai
5.
Indian Herbal Pharmacopoia, Volume I and II-1999, a Joint publication of IDMA and RRL Jannu Tawi.
6.
Trease and Evants-Pharmacognosy, 14th Edition, 1997, W. B. Sounders Company, Singapore
7.
Wallis, T. E. Textbook of Pharmacognosy, 5th Edition-1997, CBS Publisher
8.
Tyler , Brady, Robberts-Pharmacognosy, 8th Edition-1981, K. M. Varghese Company, Mumbai
9.
Sim. S. K. Medicinal Plant Alkaoids and Glycosides, 2nd Edition-1966 University of Toronto Press, Toronto.
10.
Cultivation and Utilization of Medicinal Plants, Edited by Atal and Kapur, 1982, RRL Jammu Tawi
11.
Cultivation and Utilization of Aromatic Plants, Edited by Atal and Kaur, 1982, RRL Jammu Tawi.
12.
Harbone J. B. Phytochemical Methods, 3rd Edition-1998 Champan and Hall London
13.
The useful plants of India 3rd reprint 1994 CSIR New Delhi.
3.6
PHARMACOLOGY – II
Theory : 3 hrs/week
Bioassays :
-
general principles of bioassays and biostandardisation
Drugs acting on CNS :
-
Antipsychotic drugs
-
Antianxiety agents
-
Antidepressants
-
Hypnotics
-
Sedatives, hypnotics, Anticonvulsants
-
General anaesthetic agents
Drugs acting on CVS :
-
Cardiotonic drugs
-
Antianginal drugs
-
Antiarrhythmic drugs
-
Antihypertensive drugs
-
Sedatives, hypnotics, Anticonvulsants
-
General anaesthetic agents
Autocoids :
-
Histamine and antihistaminic drugs
-
Hyperacidity and peptic ulcer disease
-
5-HT, agonists, antagonists and Migraine
-
Physiological and pathophysiological role of prostaglandins, prostacyclines, thromboxanes, leukotrines, paf, bradykinin and substance p.
-
Analgesics
-
Antipyretics
-
Anti-inflammatory agents
-
Antiepileptic agents
-
Antiparkinsonism drugs
-
Signal transduction
-
Antidiabetic drugs
-
Anticancer drugs
-
Antiviral drugs
PRACTICALS
-
Bioassays of acetylcholine on rectus abdominis muscle
-
Bioassays of acetylcholine on Rat ileum.
-
Bioassay of adrenaline of Rabbit jejunum
-
Bioassay of histamine by matching method on guinea pig ileum
-
Bioassay of D-tubocurarine of Rectus abdominis muscle of frog
